Kunlun Nu: Translation and Analysis of Principal Characters and Historical Significance of a Tang Dynasty Wuxia Classic

Abstract

This article examines the Tang Dynasty wuxia classic Kunlun Nu through a dual-faceted lens of a groundbreaking semantic translation and character analysis based on it. Recognizing the historical significance of Kunlun Nu and its role in articulating the heroic ideals during a turbulent period of late Tang in Chinese history, this research aims to fill a critical gap in academic literature regarding both its translation and its rich character representation. The study employs the semantic translation approach, aiming for high fidelity to the original text, while addressing the specific characteristics of principal characters using a robust analytical framework grounded in the theories of John Desmond and Peter Hawkes. The methodology includes a quantitative character analysis utilizing time series methods to illustrate character representations, dynamics and their impact on the narrative. A bubble diagram, a key descriptive tool in time series analysis, is utilized to analyze three variables: plot, positive and negative image, and quantity of character qualities. The character analysis framework categorizes the four main characters—Mole, Cui Sheng, Hongxiao, and the first-ranking official—into various archetypes as flat versus round through the quantity of character qualities, static versus developmental through development dynamics, protagonist versus antagonist through character impact, evaluating their portrayal throughout the narrative. The findings reveal that regarding the quantity of character qualities, all four main characters are round characters. Regarding the development dynamics, Mole consistently upholds his positive image, while the first-ranking official consistently maintains his negative image as the plot develops, categorizing them both as static characters. Cui Sheng evolves from being refined and composed to becoming cowardly and selfish, while Hongxiao transitions from initially being portrayed as beautiful to ultimately becoming a bystander in relation to Mole, making them both developmental characters. Regarding the character impact, Mole is the protagonist of the novel, whereas the first-ranking official serves as the antagonist. These character insights not only enhance our understanding of Kunlun Nu but also provide a broader perspective on the evolution of Chinese wuxia literature. Besides, it also sets a foundation for further scholarly exploration into its implications within literary and cultural studies. By continuing to examine the intersections of character development and narrative technique, researchers can further enrich our understanding of Chinese literary heritage and its global relevance.