Exercise Routine and the Inhibition of Cancer Cell Growth: A Statistical Meta-Analysis of Global Evidence

Abstract

Cancer remains one of the leading causes of global mortality, and the need for non-invasive adjunct therapies is critical. Emerging evidence suggests that structured exercise not only improves quality of life but also exerts significant biological effects that inhibit cancer progression. This meta-analysis aims to quantify the impact of exercise on cancer inhibition across various cancer types and explore the underlying mechanisms. A total of 15 peer-reviewed studies (2019–2025) were selected based on inclusion criteria focusing on quantifiable outcomes such as cancer progression, immune response, and survival. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed, with subgroup analyses by cancer type and exercise modality. Heterogeneity was assessed using I² statistics, and publication bias was evaluated through funnel plots and Egger’s test. The pooled analysis revealed a significant effect size (Cohen’s d = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.62–0.93, p < 0.01), confirming that exercise inhibits cancer cell growth. Aerobic exercise exhibited the strongest association with cancer reduction, apoptosis, and immune modulation. Subgroup analysis revealed the greatest benefit in breast and prostate cancers, with consistent modulation of biomarkers, including AMPK activation and decreased mTOR signaling. Exercise also enhanced immune function, notably increasing natural killer (NK) cell activity and promoting myokine expression. These findings support the role of exercise as an effective adjunct to conventional cancer therapies, offering measurable therapeutic benefits, particularly in cancer prevention and treatment.